The Second Founding

Roger Berkowitz

We celebrated Juneteenth National Independence Day this week on June 19, a Federal Holiday since 2021. As the newest Federal Holiday and the first new Federal Holiday since Martin Luther King Jr. Day established in 1983, the country is still figuring out the meaning of Juneteenth. One imagines that sometime soon there will be Juneteenth sales and Juneteenth greeting cards. But as the Holiday lurches toward consumerism, it is also important that we build a narrative around the meaning of Juneteenth as a National Independence Day. Towards that end, Condoleezza Rice argues that Juneteenth celebrates the second founding of the United States. She writes:

A century after General Granger marched into Galveston Bay with those Union soldiers, I was growing up in Birmingham, Alabama, which was then the most segregated city in the country. My father couldn’t vote with reliability. We couldn’t go to the movie theater, sit at the lunch counter, or go to school with white children.

I was eight years old when, on a Sunday morning in September 1963, the 16th Street Baptist Church was bombed. I felt the blast a few blocks away in the church where my father was the pastor. Four little girls, two of whom I knew, were killed.

But our community rallied and held close to one another. Despite the struggles of those years, we knew how far we had come from that fateful day in 1865.

Every year on Juneteenth, my parents and I talked about what our ancestors must have felt the moment they found out they were free and used it as an inspiration to keep seeking a better life here in America.

But even though my family has been celebrating Juneteenth since my childhood, it wasn’t until 2021 that Congress voted, almost unanimously, to make Juneteenth National Independence Day a federal holiday. Because many Americans are unfamiliar with its significance, some, perhaps understandably, wonder why it needed national recognition at all. After all, all Americans celebrate the Fourth of July—the ultimate celebration of our nation’s founding, of our independence and our liberty. 

To me, Juneteenth is a recognition of what I call America’s second founding.